“Lā” of absolute negation / لا النافِية للجِنْس

In Arabic, there are different types of “lā” (لا) as a negating particle, two of which are used with a verb in the imperfect tense (مُضارِع) (see dedicated pages). The other type is the lā of absolute negation in Arabic, which is only used to negate the nominal sentence and mark the absolute nonexistence of a being or thing. It puts the noun (the subject) in the accusative case like ‘Inna and its sisters’, but without a definite article (أَداة التَعْرِيف) or nunation (تَنْوِين).

In other words, the word it relates to will end with a single fatḥa (without tanwīn) and will never bear the definite article ال. This is one of the very rare situations where a noun remains defined even though it has neither an article nor an attached complement.

Note: If it is preceded by a preposition, then it will have no grammatical effect and function as an ordinary negating particle. The noun that follows the particle should be in its genitive form due to the preceding preposition (حَرْف جَرّ).

غادَرْتُ بِلا شَيْءٍ

I left with nothing

Note 2: If the noun is followed by an adjective, the said-adjective of the negated noun will be in the accusative form:

لا فُرْصةَ مُتاحةً لَهُم

They have (absolutely) no opportunity

The difference with regular negation

The lā of absolute negation (لا النافية للجِنْس) is different from /lā/ of regular negation which negates the oneness and doesn’t indicate the absolute nonexistence of a being or thing. This latter implies that the said object or thing could exist but isn’t present at the time of enunciation. It also intervenes in the nominal sentence but without any grammatical effect.

Some contexts of use 

This construction will often be followed by إِلاّ as in the two following religious formulas:

This construction can also be found in many common expressions: