Adverbs of time and place / الظُرُوف الزَمان والمَكان

Arabic adverbs are referred to as (ظُروف) which directly translates to “vessel” or “container,” indicating the span of time and/or location in which a verb’s action is carried out. They are nouns that are generally declined in the accusative case and, when followed by nouns, serve as 1st term of annexation (مُضاف) while the noun following them is 2nd term (مُضاف إِليه). They are usually divided into two categories (even though other adverbs exist like adverbs of manner, degree, reason, restriction, etc.):

• Adverbs of place / ظُروف المَكان 
• Adverbs of time / ظُروف الزَمان 

Note: Adverbs can be preceded by a preposition such as مِنْ/ لِـ/ بِـ then adopt the genitive case structure (مَجْرور).

Note 2: Several adverbs can act as adverbs of time and place at the same time.

Note 3: Certain adverbs can be found in the definite nominative case (مَرفوع مَعْرِفة) without complement, either preceded or not by the preposition مِنْ. This applies to these following adverbs when they are to be found at the end of a sentence with nothing following them.

Ahead	أَمامَ
Behind	وَراءَ
Over	فَوْقَ
Below	تَحْتَ
After	بَعْدَ
Before	قَبْلَ

Examples:

He doesn’t know yet	لا يَعْرِفُ بَعْدُ
I’ve seen him before	رَأَيْتُهُ مِنْ قَبْلُ

Adverbs of place / ظُروف المَكان 

There are several adverbs of place (ظُروف المَكان) which can be divided into two categories: declinable (مُعْرَب) and indeclinable (مَبْنِيّ).  Declinable adverbs of place will take the ḍamma, fatḥa, or kasra depending on their position in the sentence. On the other hand, undeclinable adverbs of place have only one ending and remain the same regardless of their positions they are not subjects to noun cases (الإعْراب).

Declinable adverbs of place / ظُروف المَكان المُعْرَبة

Here’s a non-exhaustive list of declinable adverbs of place (ظُروف المَكان المُعْرَبة):

Ahead	أَمامَ
Behind	خَلْفَ
Below	تَحْتَ
Above	فَوْقَ
with	مَعَ
At	عِنْدَ
In middle of	وَسْطَ
Through	عَبْرَ
Between	بَيْنَ
Around	حَوْلَ

Indeclinable adverbs of place / ظُروف المَكان المَبْنِيّة

at	لَدى
from	لَدُنْ
where	حَيْثُ
where	أَيْنَ
here	هنا
there	هُناك
then	ثَمَّ

Adverbs of time / ظُروف الزَمان 

There are several adverbs of time (ظُروف الزَمان) which can be divided into two categories: declinable (مُعْرَب) and undeclinable (مَبْنِيّ).  Declinable adverbs of time will take the ḍamma, fatḥa, or kasra depending on their position in the sentence. On the other hand, undeclinable adverbs of place have only one ending and remain the same regardless of their positions they are not subjects to noun cases (الإعْراب).

Some declinable adverbs of time / ظُروف الزَمان المُعْرَبة

Here’s a non-exhaustive list of declinable adverbs of time (ظُروف الزَمان المُعْرَبة):

after	بَعْدَ
before	قَبْلَ
when/at the time of	حِينَ
when/at the time of	حال
during	أَثْناء
with	مَعَ
at	عِنْدَ
Right at the moment of	فَوْرَ
Between	بَيْنَ
Around	حَوْلَ

Indeclinable adverbs of time / ظُروف الزَمان المَبْنِيّة

Yesterday	أَمْسِ
Never (used for past events)	قَطُّ
While/whilst	بَيْنَما
When (used for past events)	لَمّا
When	مَتَى
Now	الآنَ
Since/from	مُذْ / مُنْذُ

Adverbs conveying the concept of possession

While Arabic lacks a verb equivalent to the English ‘to have’, the same notion of ownership or possession can be communicated in a nominal sentence (جُمْلة اِسْمية) by following the noun expressing the owner with either the adverbs عِنْدَ or لَدى (or even preposition لِ and adverb مَعَ). The owned material is then expressed as part of the nominative case, forming a nominal predicate. They are usually followed by a noun or a pronoun. 

To have	لَدى + اسم / ضمير
	عِنْدَ + اسم / ضمير

Examples:

You have mental strength	لَدَيْكَ قُوّةٌ عَقْلِيّةٌ
Samir has a nice car	عِنْدَ سَمِيرٍ سَيّارةٌ جَمِيلةٌ

Note: when used with a pronoun لَدى becomes لَدَيْـ