Irregular verbs / الأَفْعال غَيْر السالِمة

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
أَكْلٌ	مَأْكُولٌ	آكِلٌ	كُلْ	يَأكُلُ	أَكَلَ	I	to eat
تَأْكِيدٌ	مُؤَكَّدٌ	مُؤَكِّدٌ	أَكِّدْ	يُؤَكِّدُ	أَكَّدَ	II	to assert
مُؤاخَذةٌ	مُؤاخَذٌ	مُؤاخِذٌ	آخِذْ	يُؤاخِذُ	آخَذَ	III	to blame
إِيمانٌ	مُؤْمَنٌ	مُؤْمِنٌ	آَمِنْ	يُؤْمِنُ	آمَنَ	IV	to believe /  to have faith
تَأَمَُلٌ	مُتَأَمَّلٌ	مُتَأَمِّلٌ	تَأَمَّلْ	يَتَأَمَّلَ	تَأَمَّلَ	V	to meditate
تَآمُرٌ	مُتَآمَرٌ	مُتَآمِرٌ	تَآمَرْ	يَتَآمَرَ	تَآمَرَ	VI	to conspire
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	VII	N/A
اِتَّخَاذٌ	مُتَّخَذٌ	مُتَّخِذٌ	اِتَّخِذْ	يَتَّخِذُ	اِتَّخَذَ	VIII	to take/ to adopt
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IX	N/A
اِسْتِأْذانٌ	مُسْتَأْذَنٌ	مُسْتَأْذِنٌ	سْتَأْذِنْ	يَسْتَأْذِنُ	اِسْتَأْذَنَ	X	to ask permission

---

Verbs with a hamza as the 2nd root-letter

Augmented forms table

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
سُؤَالٌ	مَسْؤُولٌ	سائِلٌ	سَل / اِسْأَلْ	يَسْأَلُ	سَأَلَ	I	to ask / to inquire
تَرْئِيسٌ	مُرَئَّسٌ	مُرَئِّسٌ	رَئِّسْ	يُرَئِّسُ	رَأَّسَ	II	to appoint as chief or head
مُلاءَمةٌ	مُلاءَمٌ	مُلائِمٌ	لَائِمْ	يُلائِمُ	لاءَمَ	III	to accommodate
إكْآبٌ	مُكْأبٌ	مُكْئِبٌ	أَكْئِبْ	يُكْئِبُ	أَكْأَبَ	IV	to sadden
تَرَؤُّسٌ	مُتَرأَّسٌ	مُتَرَئِّسٌ	تَرَأَّسْ	يَتَرَأَسُ	تَرَأَسَ	V	to preside
تَساؤُلٌ	مُتَساءَلٌ	مُتَسائِلٌ	تَسَاءَلْ	يَتَسَاءَلُ	تَساءَلَ	VI	to wonder / to ask oneself
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	VII	N/A
اِبْتِئاسٌ	مُبْتَأَسٌ	مُبْتَئِسٌ	اِبْتَئِسْ	يَبْتَئِسُ	اِبْتَأَسَ	VIII	be afflicted
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IX	N/A
اِسْتِرْآفٌ	مُسْتَرْأَفٌ	مُسْتَرْئِفٌ	اِسْتَرْئِفْ	يَسْتَرْئِفُ	اِسْتَرْأَفَ	X	to beg for mercy

---

Verbs with a hamza as the 3rd root-letter

Augmented forms table

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
قِراءَةٌ / قُرْآنٌ	مَقْروءٌ	قارئٌ	اِقْرَأْ	يَقْرَأُ	قَرَأَ	I	to read
تَخْبِئَةٌ	مُخَبَّأٌ	مُخَبِّئٌ	خَبِّئْ	يُخَبِّئُ	خَبَّأَ	II	to hide (smthing)
مُفاجَأةٌ	مُفاجأٌ	مُفاجِئٌ	فَاجِئْ	يُفاجِئُ	فاجَأَ	III	to surprise
إِطْفاءٌ	مُطْفَأٌ	مُطْفِئٌ	أَطْفِئْ	يُطْفِئُ	أَطْفَأَ	IV	to turn off
تَجَزُّؤٌ	مُتَجَزَِّأٌ	مُتَجَزِِّئٌ	تَجَزَّأْ	يَتَجَزَّأُ	تَجَزَّأَ	V	to split
تَكافُؤٌ	مُتَكافَأٌ	مُتَكافِئٌ	تَكَافَأْ	يَتَكافَأُ	تَكافَأَ	VI	to balance each other
اِنْطِفاءٌ	مُنْطَفَأٌ	مُنْطَفِئٌ	اِنْطَفِئْ	يَنْطَفِئُ	اِنْطَفَأَ	VII	to die out / to be estinguished
اِخْتِباءٌ	مُخْتَبَأٌ	مُخْتَبِئٌ	اِخْتَبِئْ	يَخْتَبِئُ	اِخْتَبَأَ	VIII	to hide (oneself)
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IX	N/A
اِسْتِهْزاءٌ	مُسْتَهْزَأٌ	مُسْتَهْزِئٌ	اِسْتَهْزِئْ	يَسْتَهْزِئُ	اِسْتَهْزَأَ	X	to mock / to ridicule

Doubled roots / الفِعْل المُضاعَف

The two last root letters are the same letter hence, written as one letter with a shadda.

Augmented forms table

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
مَدٌّ	مَمْدودٌ	مادٌّ	مُدَّ	يَمُدُّ	مَدَّ	I	to extend / to spread out
تَشْدِيدٌ	مُشَدَّدٌ	مُشَدِّدٌ	شَدِّدْ	يُشَدِّدُ	شَدَّدَ	II	to emphasize
مُضادَّةٌ	مُضادٌّ	مُضادٌّ	ضادِدْ	يُضادُّ	ضادَّ	III	to be opposed to
إِمْلالٌ	مُمَلٌّ	مُمِلٌّ	أَمْلِلْ	يُمِلُّ	أَمَلَّ	IV	to bore
تَبَرُّرٌ	مُتَبَرَّرٌ	مُتَبَرِّرٌ	تَبَرَّرْ	يَتَبَرَّرُ	تَبَرَّرَ	V	to justify oneself
تَماسٌّ	مُتَماسٌّ	مُتَماسٌّ	تَماسَسْ	يَتَماسُّ	تَماسَّ	VI	to touch one another
اِنْسِدادٌ	مُنْسَدٌّ	مُنْسَدٌّ	اِنْسَدّدْ	يَنْسَدُّ	اِنْسَدَّ	VII	to clog up
اِشْتِدادٌ	مُشْتَدٌّ	مُشْتَدٌّ	اِشْتَدِدْ	يَشْتَدُّ	اِشْتَدَّ	VIII	to intensify
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IX	N/A
اِسْتِخْفافٌ	مُسْتَخَفٌَ	مُسْتَخِفٌَ	اِسْتَخْفِفْ	يَسْتَخِفَُ	اِسْتَخَفَّ	X	to underestimate / to undervalue

Weak roots / الفِعْل المُعْتَلّ

The weak three-letter roots feature either a و or ي (or both) in their root.

Note: Contrary to popular belief, the alif ا is not a weak letter or semi-vowel – making it an impossible candidate as a root letter! When looking at weak-rooted verbs, this character may serve as evidence of weakness and replaces the letters wāw or yāʾ.

قالَ يَقُول to say

صاحَ يَصِيحُ to shout

Assimilated (1st-weak) roots / الفِعْل المِثال

The first root letter is either a و or ي, and the و tends to disappear in imperfect tense المُضارِِع (except in the passive form). It may even transform into ي and vice versa. Furthermore, it could merge with ت of form VIII due to assimilation.

Augmented forms table

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
وُجُودٌ	مَوْجُودٌ	واجِدٌ	جِدْ	يَجِدُ	وَجَدَ	I	to find
تَوْزِيعٌ	مُوَزَّعٌ	مُوَزِّعٌ	وَزِّعْ	يُوَزِّعُ	وَزَّعَ	II	to distribute
مُوافَقةٌ / وِفاقٌ	مُوافَقٌ	مُوافِقٌ	وافِقْ	يُوافِقُ	وافَقَ	III	to agree
إِيقادٌ	مُوقَدٌ	مُوقِدٌ	أَوْقِدْ	يُوقِدُ	أَوْقَدَ	IV	to ignite
تَوَحَُدٌ	مُتَوَحَّدٌ	مُتَوَحِّدٌ	تَوَحَّدْ	يَتَوَحَّدَ	تَوَحَّدَ	V	to isolate oneself
تَواضُعٌ	مُتَواضَعٌ	مُتَواضِعٌ	تَواضَعْ	يَتَواضَعَ	تَواضَعَ	VI	to be humble
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	VII	N/A
اِتِصالٌ	مُتَّصَلٌ	مُتَّصِلٌ	اِتَّصِلْ	يَتَّصِلُ	اِتَّصَلَ	VIII	to call / to contact
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IX	N/A
اِسْتِيقافٌ	مُسْتَوْقَفٌ	مُسْتَوْقِفٌ	اِسْتَوْقِفْ	يَسْتَوْقِفُ	اِسْتَوْقَفَ	X	to halt / to cause to stop

Hollow (2nd-weak) roots / الفِعْل الأَجْوَف

The 2nd root letter of these verbs is a semi-consonant (و and ي) which disappears when it is followed by a letter bearing the sukūn (السُكُون). The و and ي are often transformed into an alif ا in perfect tense forms whose last letter of the radical carries a vowel or for certain verbs in imperfect tense (مُضارِع). There are 3 main categories depending on the 2nd root letter of the imperfect tense المُضارِع which are و and ي or ا.

نامَ يَنامُ to sleep

باعَ يَبِيعُ to sell

قالَ يَقُول to say

Augmented forms table

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
قَوْلٌ بَيْعٌ نَوْمٌ	مَقُولٌ مَبِيعٌ مَنُومٌ	قائِلٌ بائِعٌ نائِمٌ	قُلْ بِعْ نَمْ	يَقُولُ يَبِيعُ يَنامُ	قالَ باعَ نامَ	I	– to say – to sell – to sleep
تَخْوِيفٌ	مُخَوَّفٌ	مُخَوِّفٌ	خَوِّفْ	يُخَوِّفُ	خَوَّفَ	II	to scare
مُقاوَمةٌ	مُقاوَمٌ	مُقاوِمٌ	قاوِمْ	يُقاوِمُ	قاوَمَ	III	to battle against
إِرادةٌ	مُرادٌ	مُرِيدٌ	أَرِدْ	يُرِيدُ	أَرادَ	IV	to want
تَعَوُّدٌ	مُتَعَوَّدٌ	مُتَعَوِّدٌ	تَعَوَّدْ	يَتَعَوَّدُ	تَعَوَّدَ	V	to get used to
تَشاوُرٌ	مُتَشاوَرٌ	مُتَشاوِرٌ	تَشاوَرْ	يَتَشاوَرُ	تَشاوَرَ	VI	to consult
اِنْقِيادٌ	مُنْقادٌ	مُنْقادٌ	اِنْقَدْ	يَنْقادُ	اِنْقادَ	VII	to yield / to follow
اِخْتِيارٌ	مُخْتارٌ	مُخْتارٌ	اِخْتَرْ	يَخْتارُ	اِخْتارَ	VIII	to chose
اِسْوِدادٌ	N/A	مُسْوَدٌّ	اِسْوَدَّ	يَسْوَدُّ	اِسْوَدَّ	IX	to blacken
اِسْتِطاعةٌ	مُسْتَطاعٌ	مُسْتَطِيعٌ	اِسْتَطِعْ	يَسْتَطِيعُ	اِسْتَطاعَ	X	to be able / capable of

---

Defective (3rd-weak) roots / الفِعْل الناقِص

The last root letter of these verbs is usually a semi-consonant (ي or و) that may be altered or disappear when certain suffixes are added, particularly in the jussive mood (المَجْزُوم). Furthermore, the vowel of the second letter of the root often varies depending on what follows it.

There are 3 main categories depending on the last root letter of the imperfect tense المُضارِع which are و and ي or ا.

رَضِيَ يَرْضى to be satisfied

بَكَى يَبْكِي to cry

دَعا يَدْعو to invite / to invoke

Augmented forms table

Nouns / أَسْماء			Verbs / أَفْعال			الوَزْن Form	المَعْنى Meaning
المَصْدَر Verbal noun	اِسْمُ المَفْعُول Passive Participle (recipient)	اِسْمُ الفاعِل Active Participle (agent)	الأَمْر Imperative	المُضارِع Imperfect (present)	الماضي Perfect (past)
دَعْوةٌ / دُعاءٌ بُكاءٌ رِضا / رِضْوانٌ	مَدْعُوٌّ مَبْكيٌّ مَرْضِيٌّ / مَرْضُوٌّ	داعٍ باكٍ راضٍ	اُدْعُ اِبْكِ اِرْضَ	يَدْعُو يَبْكِي يَرْضى	دَعا بَكى رَضِيَ	I	– to invite / to invoke – to cry – to be satisfied
تَرْبِيةٌ	مُرَبًّى	مُرَبٍّ	رَبِّ	يُرَبِّي	رَبَّى	II	to raise
لِقاء / مُلاقاةٌ	مُلاقًى	مُلاقٍ	لاقِ	يُلاقِي	لاقَى	III	to meet
إِعْطاءٌ	مُعْطًى	مُعْطٍ	أَعْطِ	يُعْطِي	أَعْطَى	IV	to give
تَلَقٍّ	مُتَلَقًّى	مُتَلَقٍّ	تَلَقَّ	يَتَلَقَّى	تَلَقَّى	V	to receive
تَعالٍ	مُتَعالًى	مُتَعالٍ	تَعالَ	يَتَعالى	تَعالى	VI	to come / to elevate
اِنْقِضاءٌ	مُنْقَضًى	مُنْقَضٍ	اِنْقَضِ	يَنْقَضِي	اِنْقَضى	VII	to expire / to be done
اِنْتِهاءٌ	مُنْتَهًى	مُنْتَهٍ	اِنْتَهِ	يَنْتَهِي	اِنْتَهى	VIII	to end / to be over
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IX	N/A
اِسْتِدْعاءٌ	مُسْتَدْعًى	مُسْتَدْعٍ	اِسْتَدْعِ	يَسْتَدْعِي	اِسْتَدْعى	X	to summon

---

Enfolding (doubly weak) roots / الفِعْل اللَفِيف

Several verbs have a double weak root, either 1st & 3rd weak roots or 2nd & 3rd weak roots. The conjugation of verbs formed from these roots will generally follow the rules of both categories.

→ assimilated and defective: وَفَى (to fulfill)